fluxselectioncriteria助熔剂选择

educed species such as ferro-alloys has to be oxidbers。 Oxydant氧化剂 Specimen containing non-r剂，这样有助于分析。添加剂可以是氧化剂，干燥剂，内部标准物质及重型吸附物Heavy absorised in order to avoid the destruction of the platdard, and heavy absorbers. 熔解法的一个优点就是可以均匀地加入一些添加ould be oxidant, anti-wetting agent, internal stanves are helpful for the analyst. These additives c on a homogeneous way some additives. These additiadvantages of the fusion is the possibility to addinum labware. 含有非降解铁合金的样品，为避免腐蚀铂金实验器皿，必须先氧化。 O使样品跟助熔剂的接触面更大，熔解效果更好。 Additives添加剂 One of the nd obtain a better dissolution 我们把样品研磨得到更小的颗粒尺寸范围，a better contact between the sample and the flux aer particles size distribution in order to obtain 在80至200m之间。 We produce special grades with a lowxidant is generally nitrates of sodium, potassium,n 80 and 200 m. 为增加样品跟助熔剂的接触面积，将样品研磨得越细越好，通常颗粒尺寸ible in general the size should be comprise betweeis necessary to grind the specimen as fine as posse specific surface of the system specimen/flux it lithium and strontium, perborate. The preferred opecimen and the flux样品及助熔剂颗粒尺寸范围To increase th体。 Particles size distribution of the oxidised sd. 有些样品很难熔解，如硌铁矿砂。在这种情况下，最好使用四硼酸锂、偏硼酸锂和偏磷酸锂的混合rate and lithium metaphosphate is to be recommendef a mixture of lithium tetraborate, lithium metaboxidant is lithium nitrate because this product doe to dissolve for instance chromite sand. The use o圆盘破碎，圆珠不透明等现象。 Some specimens are very difficultf the glass-disk, opaque glass beads. 熔解差往往导致结晶，玻璃Bad dissolution gives crystallisation, cracking omination of the bead. 为了确定样品是否完全熔解，可以采取观察圆珠的方法 s not interfere with the analysis results. As lithif the specimens are not well dissolved by the exa温度不够时使用，或在熔解易挥发物质如硫时使用。It is easy to detect 在四硼酸锂中加入偏硼酸锂，可以降低混合物的熔点，例如FLUX LT65LM35可以在加热设备rature to avoid loss of volatile, such as sulphur. insufficient or when we need to fuse at low tempeium nitrate is very hygroscopic one could also usence a FLUX LT65LM35 can be used if the heating ison point of the melt and these mixtures, for instaetaborate in lithium tetraborate decrease the fusiLi2O的气化，加热温度不能超过1250。 The addition of lithium md strontium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate decomposes v为避免挥发性氧化物如Na2O, K2O, SO3等的损失，熔融体的温度应不超过1100。为避免an 1250 C to avoid evaporation of Li2O. 在某些情况下， such as Na2O, K2O, SO3 etc. and should be less thcase in order to avoid the loss of volatile oxidesre of the melt should not exceed 1100 C, in some ery easily and the oxidation could be incomplete. 均匀渗透。 General recommendation总的建议 The temperatu，使用颗粒尺寸在100到350m的助熔剂效果最好，因为它有效地增加了样品跟助熔剂的接触表面，使其利普PerlX3。它的优点在于可以自动操作，精确控制加热过程，设置不同的加热程序。在这种设备中 contact of sample/flux. 当然，我们也推荐使用带振荡器的电磁炉来加热菲he sample in the flux by increasing the surface of氧化剂通常是硝酸钠，硝酸钾，硝酸锂及硝酸锶，过硼酸盐。较好的选择是硝酸锂，原因是该物质不干扰he homogenisation and the perfect dissolution of tdistribution between 100 and 350 m could improve t this case the use of a flux with a particle size rocking is vigorous but the swirling is weaker. Inselect various fusion programs. The efficiency of 分析结果。由于硝酸锂非常吸湿，也可以选用硝酸锶。而硝酸铵极易分解，会导致氧化不彻底。 干燥剂of the heating temperature and the possibility to bility of automatisation and a precise regulation lX3. The advantage of this equipment is the possig is of course is to be recommend the Philips Per Non-wetting agentA small quantity of halides加热 The heating by induction coupled with shakin系统的熔解设备。如AFT公司的Phoenix 3. Induction heating电磁为避免每个炉头加热温度的不同，从而造成严重的重复性及精确性降低。我们建议使用每个炉头带独立控制 regulation. For example the Phoenix from AFT of fusion machine equipped with individual burner reduces the superficial tension of the heated liqreproducibility and accuracy, we recommend the usee of each burners which results in severe loss of 熔解温度。 To avoid differences of heating temperatureparately and accurately. 一些熔解设备带有氧气助进器，以单独精确地提高gen injectors to increase the fusion temperature suid and the pourability is better. The beads stick50的范围。 Some fusion machine is equipped with oxy 市场上一些设备可以同时熔解2至6个样品。通常液化气或丙烷加热炉无法达到熔点在1000-10 not high enough to bring the melt at 1000-1050C.peratures of LPG or Propane gas heated burners are from 2 up to 6 samples at once. Sometimes the tem less in the casting dish. The best wetting agenSome equipment on the market permits the fusion of带良好的温度调控系统的回热炉是较好且简易的方法。 2. Gas burners燃气炉 d and cheap . 用具有良好通风及绝热效果的，其温度可达1100摄氏度，自good temperature regulation system is a very goofle furnace regulated and heated at 1100C with a ts are respectfully the iodates, iodides, bromidese furnace回热炉 A good ventilated and isolated muf的熔点100/150为宜。 Heating systems加热设备 1. Muffleous solution. 为得到较好的均匀熔融液体，设置的熔解温度一般应高于助熔剂/熔质系统system of fluxes in order to obtain a very homogen, and fluorides. The amount to be added is very 00/150 C than the fusion temperature of the flux/lected temperature of fusion has to be higher by 1转搅拌都是重要的因素。 It is generally accepted that the segood analysis results. 为获得良好的分析结果，熔解温度以及在熔解过程中的有效旋g the fusion are very important factors to obtain small, 0,1 or 0,2 mg are enough. This quantity has efficient stirring and swirling of the melt durin并且完全均匀地分布在熔融体里。 The temperature of fusion and anmelt must be homogeneous. 为获得精确结果，样品必须完全渗透入助熔剂中，y dissolved in the flux and the dispersion in the ain accurate results the sample as to be completel practically no influence on the analysis results.aboratory equipment. 基于试验设备选择助熔剂 In order to obt物更好地均匀地渗透于熔融体中。 Selection of fluxes based on ls in the melt. 一定数量的偏硼酸锂不但增加了系统的碱性，而且降低了熔解温度，使氧化ermits better homogeneous dissolution of the oxidem and also decreasing the temperature of fusion, p 微量的卤化物可以降低熔融液的表面张力，增加液体流动性。圆珠粘贴在圆盘上的概率降低。最好抗湿um metaborate increasing the basicity of the syste的熔解温度下1000-1100,它很难熔于硼酸锂中. An amount of lithierature of fusion 1000-1100C. 矽土也是常见的问题所在在较低ult to dissolve in lithium tetraborate at low temp剂是碘酸盐、碘化物，溴化物及氟化物。加入的量非常小，0.1或0.2毫克就足够。这样的微量的添加物Silica is also a well know problem it is diffic 对含有非金属氧化物，四硼酸锂是较好的选择，但若样品中含有矾土或矽土，则选择偏硼酸锂较好。 d silica the use of metaborate will be beneficial.hoice, but if these product contains alumina or/anallic oxide lithium tetraborate should be a good c常对分析结果没有影响。 Lithium carbonate碳酸锂 Some u以定性地选择所需助熔剂的种类。 For a product containing non-metof flux or fluxes to be selected. 根据所分析的样品成分，我们可be analysed one can select qualitatively the type 品成分选择助熔剂 According to the sample composition to tion of fluxes based on the sample composition.基于样lation contains up to 10-20 lithium carbonate an FLUX LT35LM65 建议在熔解硅酸铝，矾土，铝土盐，铁矿石等时使用。 Selecluminosilicates, aluminas, bauxites, iron ores,...混合体。 FLUX LT35LM65 is recommended for fusing a 助熔剂 熔点825，35.34 LiBO 跟 64.7 LiBO的均匀2472 LiBO and 64,7 LiBO, 2472FLUX LT35LM65 11/22d have the reputation to dissolve more easily acidint 825 Celsius a homogeneous blend of 35,34 得到更好的效果。 FLUX LT35LM65 11/22 flux melting po best results 著名化学家Norrish博士建议使用更多的碱性助熔剂，这样可以commend the use of a more basic flux as giving theM34助熔剂。 Some well known chemists Dr Norrish reic oxide than lithium tetraborate alone and seems 合，对含矾土的陶瓷、地质样品及岩石具有极好的效果。我们得到上述均匀混合的熔融混合体LT66LX LT66LM34比较典型的配方是用66 的Li2B4O7 跟 34 的LiBO2混ed homogeneous mix of above composition the FLUlogical samples, rocks etc.... We produce a prefusto have oxidising properties. In our opinion we bemina containing 2472products such as cement, geo of 66 LiBO and 34 LiBO is recommended for aluOLiOLiBBOOOOBBBBLiOOOOOLi A typical mixture熔点875 66,的LiBO与34 LiBO均匀混合，具有两2472种助熔剂的效果。 teric characteristics 2472FLUX LT66LM34万能助熔剂,lieve that the rate of dissolution increases becaueneous blend of 66 LiBO and 34 LiBO, has amphoAL FLUX - melting point 875 Celsius a homog锂混合使用，则是熔解金属氧化物的极佳助熔剂。 FLUX LT66LM34 UNIVERSe Cr, Ni, Fe. 硼酸钠极少使用，原因是它含有碱性元素如Ca, Mg, K。但跟四硼酸 it is an excellent flux to dissolve metallic oxidse of the ation of lithium metaborate. 含有10-K. However in combination with lithium tetraborate because contains more alkaline products, Ca, Mg, 弱。 24723Sodium tetraborate is less and less usedFLUX ST100硼酸钠NaBO 或 Na2O, 2 BO 熔点740，其酸性比四硼酸锂740Celsius Less acid than lithium tetraborate 20碳酸锂的混合物比纯四硼酸锂熔解酸性氧化物更有效，它在一定程度上具有氧化性。我们认为熔解速度borate, NaBO or Na2O, 2 BO - melting 24723point 解技术用偏硼酸锂来制备AA及ICP融剂。 FLUX ST100 di-sodium tetra珠子圆盘时，偏硼酸锂往往跟硼酸锂混合使用，这样可以扩大可熔解的氧化物范围，提高熔解度。常用熔A and ICP solutions by the fusion technique. 在制备加快的原因在于熔解时生成了偏硼酸锂。 The oxidation power is limitessolution. This product is often used to prepare Ad the range of soluble oxides and their rate of dimixed with lithium tetraborate it permits to extenate is never used alone for beads production, but raborate. 偏硼酸锂熔点更低，比四硼酸锂吸湿性更强。 Lithium metabord because the lithium carbonate at high temperaturion point and is more hygroscopic than lithium tetOOBBLiOOOLi Lithium metaborate has a lower fus锂容易跟AlO, SiO, PO，硫酸盐等发应，因此也叫“碱性”助熔剂。 23225OLiBs a called for this raison a “ basic ” flux. 偏硼酸ily with AlO, SiO, PO, sulphates, etc., 23225ie decomposes quickly in lithium oxide and carbon d45 223Lithium metaborate, which reacts more eass. FLUX LM100223 FLUX LM100偏硼酸锂，2LiO,2BO熔点8 metaborate, 2LiO,2BO- melting point 845 Celsiu格也最便宜，它广泛应用于钢铁，陶瓷，地质等领域。能够制备优良且稳定的圆盘。 lithiumexcellent and stable glass disks. 硼酸锂是最常用的助熔剂，其价osition. 基于样品成分选择助熔剂 Selection of fluxes based征 Selection of fluxes based on the sample comp on laboratory equipment. 基于试验设备选择助熔剂 General uxes助熔剂的选择 Properties and characteristics 性质及特recommendation 总的建议 Properties and characteris一个相对比较长的时间，用熔解法可以得到很精确且可重复的分析结果。 Selection of flte and reproducible analysis results. 样品和标准品可以存储tics 性质及特征The most used fluxes are 最常用的助熔剂有 ively long period. Fusion gives very high accuraFLUX LT100 Di-lithium tetraborate, LiBO or LiO,Samples and standards could be stored during relat 2 BOmelting point 920Celsius. 247223 - FLUX ctly flat. 熔解法适用于原子量大于10的大多数元素，得到的圆盘表面很光洁且非常平整。 te of surface of the fused disc is clean and perfeLT100四硼酸锂，熔点920。 Lithium tetraborate which rets having an atomic number higher than 10, the staacts easily with alkaline oxides such as CaO, MgOThe fusion is applicable to the majority of elemen中，消除了物质吸收时的粒度影响。其次，渗透显著减少了物质吸收时的错误化学成分间的作用。 , KO, 2NaO is called an “ acidic ” flux. 2硼酸锂很在两个方面首先熔解能粉碎矿物颗粒并破坏其晶体结构，将其化学成分均匀地熔入渗透到物质熔剂容易跟碱性氧化物发生反应如CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O，所以也成为“酸性”助熔剂。 on inter-element effect. 该分析技术的优越性跟制丸法相比主要表现greatly reduces errors introduced by mass absorptiOLiOLiOLiOLi BBBBOOOOOOOOBBBBBBBBLiOOOOOOOOOLi size effect on mass absorption. Second, dilution Lithium tetraborate is the most largely used flusly throughout the mass and eliminating the grainuxes and the cheapest and has a wide range of appl, thus distributing constituent elements homogeneon destroys the mineral grains and their structuresication steel, cement, geological etc. and gives ss pelletizing for two major reasons. First fusioioxide. 但它的氧化能力有限，原因是碳酸锂在高温下很容易分解成氧化锂和二氧化碳。 It璃状透明玻璃圆盘珠子。 This technique is superior to pre法源于传统而又有效的分析技术硼砂珠。即将氧化物熔化于助熔剂中一般为硼酸化合物，冷却后生成玻 helps also to produce bubbles in the melt for a bhomogenous glass disc after cooling a bead. 熔解etter mixing. 此外它还有助于在熔融液中生成泡沫，使混合更加均匀。 It alsn a flux, commonly a borate, to obtain a vitreous e pearl of borax. It consists to dissolve oxides io initiates the reaction of decomposition of nitray old and very well known analytical technique thtes and is often mix with them. 最后，混合使用时它还能引发硝酸盐于此。 The Fusion熔解法 The fusion is based on a ver的分解反应。 Heavy absorbers Heavy absorbers are le跟标准物质做比较分析。XRF分析法的精确性以及可重复性在很大程度上取决于样品的制备效果，原因也在ample preparation. X射线萤光分析法XRF是一种重要的分析工具，它主要基于ss used today to maximise the sensitivity of the nf XRF analysis depend to a large extent upon the sew spectrometers and because of the availability ords. Its why the accuracy and the repeatability ol tool essentially based on comparison with standaf great choice of programs on computers. 在广泛使用电脑rays fluorescence analysis is a powerful analytica辅助分析时，如今已很少使用用来增强分光计敏感性的Heavy absorbers。 FLUX SELECTION CRITERIA助熔剂的选择Introduction简介 X-